Obestetric Anesthesia

Physiology: Pain relief from uterine contractions and cervical dilation in stage 1 of labor involves thoracic nerve roots, T10 to T12. Pain relief from perineal distention in stage 2 of…

Placental hormones

Human chorionic gonadotropin     Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblast and first appears in maternal blood 10 days after fertilization. It peaks at 9–10 weeks…